Civil Rights Movement And Christianity - Free Essay Example

It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.i This quote from Audre Lorde was from a series of poems written in 1994 entitled Our Dead Behind Us. This quote could be used to describe most African Americans mindset a few decades ago when the Civil Rights movement was the most prominent battle going on in the United States. Even today, about 50 years later, those words ring true about political beliefs between citizens and politicians over ideas such as health care, international relations, or a wall. The Civil Rights movement is often praised as a political event, but what was the religious and spiritual meaning to it as well? This paper will be looking at the Civil Rights movement that happened in the United States during the 50s and 60s, while also looking at the role of Christianity within that movement, for both the African American protesters looking for freedom, and the white oppressors looking to stop them. Also, it will look at other Civil Rights activists like Malcolm X, whose conversion to Sunni Islam also provided a different out look to Civil Rights activists. The Civil Rights movement began in earnest in the 1950s, although there were actions that occurred prior to that time that focused on civil rights. As early as the late 1890s and early 1900s, African Americans were debating the best way to achieve their rights.ii Should they rise and try to take their rights by force, or should they use a nonviolent tactic and use their words and more polite actions to at least try and get attention to their issue? William James, a great philosopher, once wrote that those who oppose war must create a substitute for wars disciplinary function and a moral equivalent of war.iii While James was giving his speech and promoting this in New York, another nonviolent believer was putting this into action in another part of the world. As we have read throughout this course, Mohandas Gandhi was one of the best advocates for nonviolence. First, he opposed a law that required Indians who were in South Africa to register with the government. Beatings and jail time for the Indians commenced, but a peaceful public outcry ensued because of the violence shown by government officials towards nonviolent Indian protesters. This led to a compromise in South Africa and prompted an idea for Gandhi. He returned to his homeland of India with this new strategy of nonviolence and opposed the British colonization of India for the next forty years. Eventually, the Indian people won independence without fighting a bloody war against the British.iv Gandhis words and actions laid the foundation for nonviolent action, and his work would be utilized and celebrated in the United States during the Civil Rights movement by many other activists, including the most famous one in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 to a middle-class African-American family in Atlanta, GA. His childhood could only be described as filled with endless amounts of love, and he credited the hope he always spoke about in his public life and speeches to the secure and loving environment he was raised with.v His life, however, was so much like those who lived around him. Segregation wasnt the problem for King when he was growing up? Rather, it was the oppressive and barbaric acts that grew out of it. Police brutality, legalized prejudice, the terrorism of Ku Klux Klan, and profound economic inequalities were just some of the hurdles he had to overcome early in his life. vi A moment of such horrific treatment came when at the young age of fourteen, King was forced to get up from his bus seat by a white man. Not only was he removed from his seat, but then had to stand for the 90-mile bus ride. King said that injustice will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life.vii Martin Luther King was one of the most prominent and outspoken people from the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955/56 until his murder in 1968. The quote used at the beginning of this was something that King always preached, talking about your differences and the uniqueness they bring to each individual citizen. These differences are not what divides people, but rather peoples inability to accept them as normal and rather look at differences in skin color as a curse rather than a blessing. But King also had a background that was a unique in the fact that he was a preacher and used the churches as gathering places for nonviolent protestors to meet in peace to discuss methods of action. Faith also helped King to preserve in this work through death and bomb threats to not only himself, but to his wife and daughter as well. So how much does Christianity play a role in instances like this? Probably more than most people realize. Max Stackhouse argues that while the deep roots of human rights ideals are rooted nowhere else than in the biblical tradition, these values remained a minority tradition (within the Church) for centuries.viii What Stackhouse is saying is the idea of all humans having equal opportunity and fair share can be found in biblical faiths and traditions framework. They may not appear to those who look on from the outside, but those within see these ideals through and through. Stackhouses ideas were used to explain the Churchs past in my first source. Charles Villa-Vicencio used this quote in his book entitled Christianity and Human Rights. He says that for hundreds of years Christians promoted religious intolerance against any other religion. However, many of these values and practices are today rejected as contrary to a human rights culture and moral decency.ix Villa Vicencio argues in this text that the relationship between Christianity and the human rights tradition can only enrich society to the extent that the relationship is sustained by mutual critique and correction.x Martin Luther King believed the same thing Vicencio is saying here. Human rights for all people, no matter skin tone, religion, or political party, can only happen through dialogue, debate, and communication and not by segregation and brutality against those who seem different, but really arent. Though Martin Luther King is often given the credit for developing a nonviolent strategy, it can be traced back to the New Testament. Matthew recounts Jesus teaching this very philosophy: You have heard that it was said, ?Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth. But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also (Matthew 5:38-39).xi Scripture was the basis to not only Kings speeches, but to the Civil Rights movement as a whole. Genesis was often quoted by main protestors who said God created all of creation in his image and likeness, meaning black or white, Christian or Protestant, all were created with Gods likeness in mind. These voices were often shut down, but in the 1960s, a new idea was presented. Author Frank Lambert writes of a time where not only were African Americans seen as political and economic outsiders, but religious ones as well. They had enough of being treated not only as second-class citizens, but as second-class human beings. When they were tired and fed up with their cries being heard, they decided to do something about it. These protesters charged the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment with perpetuating a morally bankrupt society that promoted greed, war, racism, and sexism. The new voices offered alternative interpretations of the gospel that were more inclusive and emphasized justice for all.xii What resulted was a grassroots movement that found its greatest power, not in legislative assemblies and courtrooms, but in a determined, persistent, and effective politics out-of-doors, in which an oppressed people broke unjust laws in the name of a higher law.xiii As we ha ve seen today, the marches and protests in the streets of our country tend to have a much bigger impact then those issues brought to court, not because they get things done, but bring issues out to the public eye that may have seemed hidden before. When Martin Luther King was confined in the Birmingham Jail in 1963, he wrote that and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.xiv Again, we see Kings connection to his faith getting him through the difficult event of being in jail. I often believe that he was portrayed as a present-day Moses, sent to help liberate African-Americans in the United States from something they considered close to slavery. This quote backs that up and talks about the Apostle Paul and his conversion from Christian persecutor to writing letters to the early communities. Of course, black churches werent always this locked in to public issues. Paul Harvey and Phillip Goff edited a chapter in the book The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945. That chapter was entitled Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, and it presents documents that explore the close relationship of religion and the black freedom struggle of the 1950s and 1960s. Harvey and Goff write that it took deep religious faith to sustain the thousands of black Southerners who stood up in the face of white Southern power, endured petty daily harassment as well as more explosive acts of terrorism (beatings, bombings, kidnappings, lynchings, and the like), and sought to redeem the soul of America, as the manifesto of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) proclaimed its mission to be.xv So, because of their faith and the belief in themselves, African-Americans feel what they are doing is important to help redeem America from the racist sins it was committ ing. Now, this paper has sort of a timeline as far as civil rights activists promoting nonviolence to fight for their civil rights. It started with Gandhi and his movement to help India be liberated from the rule of Britain. His work was then studied and applied by Martin Luther King in the United States to help African-Americans fight for equality. Those two and their work affected not only the people they were fighting for, but others who were fighting for a just cause. One such person came to the forefront in 1962 to fight not directly for one race, but many who felt shortchanged with their wages. His name was Cesar Chavez, and the cause was farmworkers whos working conditions were worse from the grape growers who employed them. Chvez organized a series of farmworker strikes in the produce fields in the 1960s, where migrant laborers of Mexican descent toiled for low pay in terrible conditions. Migrant workers had briefly captured the attention of the nation in the 1930s when the Okies, whites from the American South and Southwest, migrated to California in search of work and often ended up picking produce in the fields.xvi Chavez ran into infighting during his movement, so he began a fast for weeks to show his followers that violence may be a quick idea, but it will never allow you to reach your goal. This was true about Ceasar and his fast because it brought the sides together to sign a labor law and begin discussion for better conditions. He gave up his health to help reach a goal, but it was only him who suffered and no one else. The Movement attracted so much attention, that after wrongful arrests of peaceful protestors, senator Robert Kennedy stepped in to support the farmworkers and their movement, whi ch showed that this was much more than a race issue, but a wellness and equality for workers issue. So how did religion and Christianity play into Cesar Chavez and the farmworkers movement? Chicano workers often displayed an image of our Lady of Guadalupe. Our Lady of Guadalupe holds a special place in the religious life of Mexico and is one of the most popular religious devotions. Her image has played an important role as a national symbol of Mexico.xvii Also, before marching, workers often celebrated mass to prepare them for not only the work and journey they will be a part of that day, but also the insults and attacks they may face from opponents who dont believe in their cause. It also gave them the strength not to fight back or go against the nonviolent movement that had brought them so far. During Martin Luther Kings fight for civil rights, there was another activist fighting for the cause named Malcom X. His was the world of Denmark Vesey, Harriet Tubman, and Henry McNeil Turner†a realm where the spiritual answers the existential call of the political. The spiritual and the political constituted a single domain, and this was the world Malcolm X and countless others inhabited.xviii Malcolm X believed that more politicians should be more spiritual, because it would make life so much easier for them as far as laws and political debates. He had an epiphany, they claim, either on his Mecca pilgrimage or shortly after his announcement to leave the Nation of Islam (NOI). Even Malcolm himself at times made similar statements, arguing that the separation was a result of his exposure to true Islam.xix Malcolm said later, there was a split. The split came about primarily because they put me out, and they put me out because of my uncompromising approach to problems I thought should be solved and the movement could solve. (Malcolm X 1992a, 158) So, from all I read about Malcolm X, it seemed that he was somewhat like Martin Luther King in that he used his words to help spread his message. However, unlike King, it seemed Malcolm X wasnt very keen on dialogue and relationship with white oppressors, but rather wanting African-Americans and revolt against them to take over. That wasnt the foundation of what the Civil Rights movement should be. Its the fact that everyone, regardless of the color of their skin, should live in harmony and have equal billing throughout the country, not one over the other. Now, throughout this paper, Ive looked at the Civil Rights Movement and how religion was a driving force throughout its timeline. But, up until this point, Ive only looked at those who were fighting for their civil rights like African-Americans or Mexican farmworkers. We havent really looked at the other side of the coin so to speak, which is the role religion played for white evangelicals during this time period. Perhaps one reason for this scholarly oversight is that this is not a politically progressive story. Evangelicals were opposed to the civil rights movement and did very little in practical terms to advance social justice for African Americans during the 1960s. Most evangelicals resisted the growth of the federal government and legislation that furthered black rights.xx So, Evangelicals were the one religious movement at the time who saw black people fighting for their rights as absurd. The problem back then was the evangelical church got too much into political battles and statements, which in all branches in Christianity is frowned upon White conservative Protestants, in the South and North, insisted that race relations would worsen because agitation would only stoke the fears and hatreds of whites and that government action on behalf of blacks was only a form of coercion. King rejected this reasoning by noting that morals cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated.xxi King is saying that he cannot go out and try to change peoples morals or who they are as a person. That would be a losing battle. However, what King is trying to do is put forth ideas and rights for African-Americans within the government that protect them from these people who are segregating them, firing them wrongfully, or refusing to serve them at their restaurant or business because of the color of their skin. That was the point of the Civil Rights movement for King, not a country wide faith conversion, but a political battled fueled by faith to help regulate and handcuff these oppressors. The Civil Rights movement wasnt just one battle for African-Americans led by MLK, but rather many movements for different reasons to help those less fortunate than others who were wrongfully being stripped of their rights. Because of activists like MLK, Cesar Chavez, Malcolm X, and Gandhi, different groups of people from farmworkers to regular citizens were looked at and treated differently, like they belonged in the country. This battle for equality hasnt been one yet, as movements like Black Lives Matter show us today that this fight may never end. But its a fight we cannot give up on, and it the forefront of this fight for equal rights, religion is a crutch that these men and women can lean on in order to guide them through the long journey they undertake every day. Works Cited Evans, Curtis J. White Evangelical Protestant Responses to the Civil Rights Movement. The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 102, no. 2, 2009, pp. 245â€Å"273 Harvey, Paul, and Philip Goff, editors. Religion and the Civil Rights Movement. The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945, Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 135â€Å"198. Lambert, Frank. Civil Rights as a Religious Movement: Politics in the Streets. Religion in American Politics: A Short History, STU Student edition ed., Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 160â€Å"183 Abdullah, Zain. Malcolm X, Islam, and the Black Self. Malcolm Xs Michigan Worldview: An Exemplar for Contemporary Black Studies, edited by Rita Kiki Edozie and Curtis Stokes, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 2015, pp. 205â€Å"226. Audre Lorde, Our Dead Behind Us: Poems When and how did the Civil Rights movement begin? eNotes, 9 Oct. 2011, William James, Moral Equivalent of War, 352, 353, 356. Gandhi, Essential Gandhi, Autobiography Martin Luther King, Autobiography, King, Stride toward Freedom, 90 King, Testament of Hope, 343 Max Stackhouse, Religion and Human Rights: A Theological Apologetic

Chemical Structures Starting with the Letter O

The American And Chinese Communist Revolutions - 1363 Words

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Mobile Commerce Literature Review - 2392 Words

Mobile Commerce: Literature Review Dr. Sudha Singh ( Associate Professor, PG Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BCET, Durgapur.) The m-commerce (MC) is an evolving, dynamic, unique and rapidly changing business opportunity with its own characteristics and concept (Lindsay, 2000). Many industry experts believe that m-commerce is a sleeping giant whose time has yet to come (Buhan, 2002). E-commerce benefited many organizations by reducing supplier cost and increasing profit. E-commerce is used to describe transactions that take place on-line where the buyer and seller are remote from each other (Andrews, 2001). M-commerce definition is similar to e-commerce, but the term is usually applied to the emerging transaction activity†¦show more content†¦The second phase is content, in which consumer buys software games, graphics, and news using the mobile devices. This is the phase that we are entering. The third phase according to Zawel is commerce phase, in which consumers are using mobile devices to purchase real goods in the physical world. Once we enter this phase consumers will begin to accept MC fully. This is a challenging opportunity for mobile industry to convince consumers to leave their credit cards at home and let their mobile phones do the purchasing (Donegan, 2000). To make the wireless wallet a reality mobile industry requires an active investment of large and small stakeholders companies in wireless world. This includes content providers, mobile carriers and billing vendors or m-payment systems (Sadeh, 2002). Mobile payment (m-payment) refers to payment method using m-commerce devices (May, 2001). Purchasing products and services using mobile phone in Europe and far-east market is more demanded than the rest of the world (Bradley, 2003). Japan is the leading country in m-commerce and since 1999 some component of Japans economy is dealt with it. 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Cultural Artifacts free essay sample

Artifacts come in so many shapes and sizes, deferent aspects of life and they also remind different cultures what happened In the past and how to learn for the future. The boom box is one of those artifacts that are present in history, since there are so many developments that occurred after this development of the boom box. It holds a strong memory of where African Americans have come from and what they have done to created expressions for every culture to express the feelings that they are having. The African American culture has so many different artifacts that represent TTS culture and the one the stands out the most is hip hop music.I consider this to be an artifact because it has the power of knowing how a person is feeling. You can always find the perfect song to go along with your emotions. The best way to listen to hip hop music was through the boom box which transformed over time Into the stereo, cassette player, CD player, ump, player and now even your phone can play music but the boom box was the start of all this. The Boom boxers invented in 1975 by The Wolfe brothers (When was It invented. Org). The actual date of hip hop Anton be fully determined but It can be narrowed down to the early offs.Many African Americans so that the only way to be heard by others was through music, since music was heard by all through radio, cassette tapes, cads and live performances. The boom box is an artifact because it could be carried around transporting the musical expressions wherever a person went even If other people did not want to hear the music they had no choice. With the creation of the boom box one is also to think about hip hop since the two go hand in hand. Hip hop was the first genre of music that was played through the boom box because hip hop was mess as a type of music for blacks with no money or education.The boom box was an extraordinary sight It had an am/FM tuner, two cassette tape players, equalizers, toner and balance adjusters. As they boom box also came with noise and bass controls, it was basically a compact version of the stereo systems at home. The boom box was definitely could get loud enough for the neighborhood to hear what was being played. With this portable device dancers were starting to come out of the dance studios and on to the streets thus came street dance which was another way or African Americans to release their expressions on life.The boom box became such a staple and a new way of opening so many doors so that individuals can express the feelings that they have built up Inside of them. With the Invention of the boom box came all possibilities for people that lived in poor neighborhoods to be heard about what was going on in the places that they lived and the troubles that they had about getting out into the world, it was also a way to let others know that they are not lazy but are not given the chances that people that dont live In poor laces receive.African Americans have music and rhy thm built into their souls because they originated from Africa where poetry, deep complex melodies and dancing originated from. Those were also the ways to express their feelings, emotions and ways of celebration be it life or death. A group from West Africa the Grits, were storytellers. When presenting the history of their people it was done through song, poetry and 1 OFF by what was written because in all cases it is best to see what happened to best understand the feelings and emotions that have gone into what the people have one.For all African Americans the civil rights movement was the greatest change in their culture. Between the sasss and the sasss hip hop was born because it was the way for people to express what they were feeling since talking about what was going on was not a real option because nobody wants to talk about the negative accounts only the positive. As blacks gained more rights they began to come together to have celebrations and with the celebrations came music and dance.To have a large celebration at one time people in neighborhoods had block parties so that everyone loud participate by bringing food, games music, dance and Just a plan good time. In different sections of the blocks peop le would have their boom boxes outside letting their favorite songs play. The simple boom box developed the art of creating music with more complex rhythms and instruments. It was had the chance for dance to evolve and create more style of dance instead of the traditional ballet.As long as they are of hip hop is around the future of music will always continue to grow and produce more beautiful sounds and tones. With the first boom box which was made to be portable came the Walkway a very compact version of the mom box that could fit on your hip, the development of the CD player which was added to the boom box and eventually was created to be portable. The pods and UMP players were created.Without the creation of the boom box all of the other inventions may not have been development to make music more convenient to listen to on the go. The future plans are for portable music can go very far because there have been so many new developments in the past 40 to 50 years. Anything can happen over the next 40 years to have better ways of carrying and listening to music. The boom box had much significance to the hip hop community because it helped it grow, develop and created new and better ways of expression.With the advancement of the boom box it created different types of dance and expressions. It was brought about new inventions that made music more accessible and easy to carry and take along so that nothing will be missed. Hip hop music also have songs for the majority of feelings that a person had at the time. When listening to the music you know that you are not alone in the emotions and experiences that a person is going through, which also helps a person get through the tough times.

Financial Decision Making Anticipated Incomes

Question: Describe about the Financial Decision Making for Anticipated Incomes. Answer: 1. Budget refers to the process of estimating the future potential expenses and incomes of a company. A budget is over plan when the anticipated incomes and expense are proved a lot more than the actual income and expenses. Thus, to avoid the over plan of a budget, the accountants need to follow some steps. The first step is to know where the money of the business is going. In this step, all the expenses need to be considered irrespective of the size of the expenses and incomes. The second step is to dset a budgeting goal that needs to be achieved. The third step is to recognize the sources of the incomes of the business. The last and the most important step is to compare all the expenses with the incomes. It is good if there is surplus. In case there is deficit, corrective measures need to be taken (Libby and Lindsay 2010). 2. It can be said that the ethical behavior of the accountants play a big part in the over plan of the budgets. There are instances that the accountants of some companies increased the expenses or the incomes in the budgets for specific reason. It is done in order to manipulate the financial position of the company as this act impacts the financial reports of any organization. On the other hand, there can be some hidden unethical benefits for the higher management of any organization by doing so; and this is the reason for which over plan of budgets is done as a result of an unethical agreement between the higher management and the accountants of the companies (Zatta 2016). References Libby, T. and Lindsay, R.M., 2010. Beyond budgeting or budgeting reconsidered? A survey of North-American budgeting practice.Management Accounting Research,21(1), pp.56-75. Zatta, D., 2016. Implementation of Revenue Management in the Process Industry in North America and Europe. InRevenue Management in Manufacturing(pp. 43-57). Springer International Publishing.